Deferred income taxes arise from the temporary differences between financial statement and income tax recognition of net operating losses. These loss carryovers are limited under the Internal Revenue Code should a significant change in ownership occur.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017 the Company has net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $8,713,000 and $8,196,000, respectively, that may be offset against future taxable income, if any. These carry-forwards are subject to review by the Internal Revenue Service. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the deferred tax asset of approximately $1,680,000 and $1,607,000, respectively, created by the net operating losses has been offset by a 100% valuation allowance because the likelihood of realization of the tax benefit cannot be determined. The change in the valuation allowance in 2018 and 2017 was approximately $72,000 and $75,000, respectively.

There is no current or deferred tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The Company has not filed tax returns; however, management believes there are no taxes due as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The Company includes interest and penalties arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations recorded as general and administrative expense.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred net losses and therefore has no tax liability. The Company began operations in 2007 and has net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $8,713,000 that will be carried forward and can be used through the year 2038 to offset future taxable income. In the future, the cumulative net operating loss carry forward for income tax purposes may differ from the cumulative financial statement loss due to timing differences between book and tax reporting.

The provision for Federal income tax consists of the following for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The cumulative tax effect at the expected federal tax rate of 21% of significant items comprising our net deferred tax amount is as follows on December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The cumulative tax effect at the expected state tax rate of 5% of significant items comprising our net deferred tax amount is as follows on December 31, 2018 and 2017:

Due to the change in ownership provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $8,713,000 for Federal income tax reporting purposes are subject to annual limitations. Should a change in ownership occur, net operating loss carry forwards may be further limited to use in future years.

The Company has identified the United States Federal tax returns as its major tax jurisdiction. The United States Federal tax return years 2012 2018 are still subject to tax examination by the United States Internal Revenue Service; however, we do not currently have any ongoing tax examinations.